Subsetting Data

R has powerful indexing features for accessing object elements. These features can be used to select and exclude variables and observations. The following code snippets demonstrate ways to keep or delete variables and observations and to take random samples from a dataset.

Selecting (Keeping) Variables

Run this code

# select variables v1, v2, v3
myvars <- c("v1", "v2", "v3")
newdata <- mydata[myvars]

# another method
myvars <- paste("v", 1:3, sep="")
newdata <- mydata[myvars]

# select 1st and 5th thru 10th variables
newdata <- mydata[c(1,5:10)]

To practice this interactively, try the selection of data frame elements exercises in the Data frames chapter of this introduction to R course.

Excluding (DROPPING) Variables

Run this code

# exclude variables v1, v2, v3
myvars <- names(mydata) %in% c("v1", "v2", "v3")

newdata <- mydata[!myvars]

# exclude 3rd and 5th variable
newdata <- mydata[c(-3,-5)]

# delete variables v3 and v5
mydata$v3 <- mydata$v5 <- NULL

Selecting Observations

Run this code

# first 5 observations
newdata <- mydata[1:5,]

# based on variable values
newdata <- mydata[ which(mydata$gender=='F'
& mydata$age > 65), ]

# or
attach(mydata)
newdata <- mydata[which(gender=='F' & age > 65),]
detach(mydata)

Selection using the Subset Function

The subset( ) function is the easiest way to select variables and observations. In the following example, we select all rows that have a value of age greater than or equal to 20 or age less then 10. We keep the ID and Weight columns.

Run this code

# using subset function
newdata <- subset(mydata, age >= 20 | age < 10,
select=c(ID, Weight))

In the next example, we select all men over the age of 25 and we keep variables weight through income (weight, income and all columns between them).

Run this code

# using subset function (part 2)
newdata <- subset(mydata, sex=="m" & age > 25,
select=weight:income)

To practice the subset() function, try this this interactive exercise. on subsetting data.tables.

Random Samples

Use the sample( ) function to take a random sample of size n from a dataset.

Run this code

# take a random sample of size 50 from a dataset mydata

# sample without replacement
mysample <- mydata[sample(1:nrow(mydata), 50,
   replace=FALSE),]